Interface as the site of infrastructural change

This study contributes to critical infrastructure literature by investigating people's evolving interactions with surveillance infrastructure at the sites of 'interface', specifically focusing on the tracing infrastructure called Electronic Entry Register, devised by the South Korean government during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Highlighting the significance of the infrastructure's 'interface' as the site of agential interactions that engender new relations, this paper illustrated the diverse ways in which the structural organisations of tracing infrastructure transformed continually and the resultant meanings of surveillance shifted. To this end, a sequence of field research comprising walking interviews, observations, and sit-in interviews was conducted with 11 research participants across various urban sites in Seoul, a city with one of the highest penetration rates of smartphone use. This situated investigation within the geographical context of high sociotechnical potency is noteworthy because urban infrastructuring increasingly invites digital mediation. The empirical evidence demonstrates how the micro-struggles at the interface sites engendered significant infrastructural changes, which in turn reshaped the lived experiences of surveillance. The results flag the need to attend to the conceptual and analytical significance of 'interface' in studying digital infrastructure and reflect on how unfolding sociotechnical relations could express digital infrastructure differently.

‘I've left enough data': Relations between people and data and the production of surveillance

Exploring emergent relations between data-producing individuals and their data products, this study aims to contribute to the ongoing scholarly discussion on agencies in data practices. It focuses on shifts in surveillance structure in the era of Big Data, in which the individual becomes both a subject and an object in the production of data surveillance. Drawing on the concept of the ‘dividual', the study analyses data practices for a tracing system invented by the South Korean government during the COVID-19 pandemic, with findings from field research conducted with 11 research participants in various urban sites in Seoul. Highlighting how the tracing system positioned surveillance ‘in the hands of citizens', the study exposes the complexities of the relations that the participants formed with the data they produced, and how they reflexively reappropriated their practices through alterations and deflections on the basis of their tacit knowledge and imaginaries concerning digital data and their constituent positions in the knowledge production system. The resultant expression of surveillance was directly shaped by the evolving relationship between the producers (participants) and products (digital data). The study proposes that an intersectional focus on surveillance and critical data studies, with close attention to ordinary people's relations with data, has the capacity to inquire into the politics of data more fully. © The Author(s) 2023.

Incidence and sero-surveillance of feline viruses in Korean cats residing in Gyeonggi-do

Incidences of major feline viral diseases provide basic information for preventing viral disease in cats. Despite the growing interest in feline viral diseases, sero-surveillances have been lacking. In this study, we analyzed the diagnoses of feline viral diseases and conducted a sero surveillance of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) in Korean cats. Of the 204 confirmed cases since 2015, the numbers of diagnoses for FPV, FIPV, FCV, feline influenza virus, and FHV-1 were 156, 32, 12, 3, and 1 case, respectively. In total, 200 sera, collected between 2019 and 2021, were screened for the presence of antibodies against FPV, 2 FCVs, FHV-1, and FIPV using a hemagglutination inhibition test and a virus-neutralizing assay (VNA). The overall seropositive rates in cats tested for FPV, the 2 FCVs, FHV-1, and FIPV were 92.5%. 42.0%, 37.0%, 52.0%, and 14.0%, respectively. A low correlation (r = 0.466) was detected between the VNA titers of 2 FCV strains. The highest incidence and seropositive rate of FPV reveal that FPV is circulating in Korean cats. The low r-value between 2 FCVs suggests that a new feline vaccine containing the 2 kinds of FCVs is required.

Mediating and Moderating Effects Perception of Vulnerability to Adverse Effects of the Influence of a COVID-19 Vaccine or COVID-19 Concern as well as Vaccination Intention among Adults in their 20s

Identifying variables was the goal of this investigation. Affecting Plans to vaccinate against COVID-19 and to investigate the mediating and moderating effects of perception of vulnerability to adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines examines the connection between apprehension over COVID-19 as well as vaccination intentions among Korean adults in their 20s. Participants in this study included 161 South Korean 20-something adolescents who were surveyed using an online questionnaire. COVID-19 vaccination intentions differed significantly by gender (t = 10.291, p =.001), occupation (t = 5.430, p =.021), searching for information (t = 6.455 p =.012), number of vaccinations (t = 22.671), p <.001), the dread of COVID-19 (β =.224, p =.002). COVID-19 vaccination intentions in the participants were significantly positively correlated with and apprehension of COVID-19 (r =.251, p <.01) as well as imagined vulnerability to the vaccine's unfavorable outcomes (r =.362, p <.001). Perceived sensitivity to COVID-19's negative consequences vaccines moderated the connection among COVID-19 anxiety as well as COVID-19 vaccination intentions (b = -.036, 95% CI [-0.07, -0.01], t = - 2.473, p =.015), however, it had no mediating consequence (b = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.06, -0.02]). Vaccination intentions were significantly higher in those with low (b = 0.264, 95% CI [0.143, 0.385], t = 4.316, p <.001) and average (b = 0.191. 95% CI [0.197, 0.286], t = 3.993, p <.001) perceived susceptibility to the adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines. Therefore, it is necessary to share the country's reliable information and adopt appropriate follow-up measures for the adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines that can lower perceived susceptibility to the vaccine's adverse effects among adults in their 20s. In addition, the recommendations for further studies the link between aversion to COVID-19 or vaccinations plus various factors distressing COVID-19 vaccination intentions according to age, and further studies regarding factors affecting estimated sensitivity to COVID-19's detrimental consequences and ways to control them are also suggested © 2023, Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities.All Rights Reserved.

CNN-based Hand Gesture Recognition for Contactless Elevator Button Control

Recently, with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, various quarantine measures have been implemented to reduce the spread of the virus. As a part of efforts, the preference for touchless technology has been emerging. In this paper, we propose a touchless elevator control system using CNN-based hand gesture recognition. Experimental results show that the hand recognition AP and FPS on the Jetson TX2 board are 81.87% and 11.8FPS, respectively. We demonstrate that an elevator model could be controlled by virtual elevator buttons utilizing CNN-based hand gesture recognition. The proposed method can be applied to commercial elevators as an approach to prevent the spread of viruses from elevator buttons. © 2023 IEEE.

The Use of Flexible Work Arrangements: Examining Experiences of Perceived Backlash Through the Lens of Diversity

As more businesses have newly adopted or expanded flexible work arrangements (FWA) due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the current study aimed to investigate whether flexibility backlash (e.g., workers' negative perceptions of promotion opportunities and work-to-life conflict) occurs in response to the use of FWA. Moreover, we tested if perceptions of flexibility backlash vary across subgroups of employees (i.e., as a function of gender, family responsibilities, and race), as well as their intersection. Using a lagged dataset of N = 414 currently employed U.S. workers collected at three-time points during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, we found that FWA use was not significantly associated with the subsequent perception of career opportunities, and no group differences were found in this relationship. Similarly, no main effect of FWA use on work-to-life conflict was found. However, among workers with more family care responsibilities, greater FWA usage was associated with more work-to-life conflict. Further, intersectionality analyses revealed men with greater family responsibilities and men who are racial minorities perceived more work-to-life conflict as they used more FWA than their counterparts. We discuss these findings through the lens of diversity in light of the ongoing need to reduce the backlash associated with the use of FWA. © The Author(s) 2023.

Developing a Simulation Problem based Learning (S-PBL) Module and Its Effectiveness in Respiratory Care

Practice-oriented learning is essential in emergency medical Technician (EMT) education to impart the ability to respond to various emergency situations based on major knowledge. The application of S-PBL in connection with simulation allows the improvement in competencies such as problem-solving strategies, skills, and teamwork by providing realism related to the field situation. This study aimed to design a simulation problem-based learning (S-PBL) module on respiratory care cases, intended to be applied to the curriculum for EMT students, and then the effectiveness of the module within the class was analyzed by focus group interview. The module developed in this study was applied to 16 EMT students in their third year at S University in Chungnam who were enrolled in classes opened for the first semester of 2021. Following implementation of the S-PBL module, an additional focus group interview was conducted with five students. The developed module was configured to directly or indirectly evaluate emergency communication ability, emergency patient assessment ability, advanced treatment ability, as well as communication and collaboration ability, and was evaluated through expert consulting formed by the Institute for Innovative Education of S University.Overall class satisfaction was evaluated as high (4.92 out of 5), and the students were determined to have experienced " needs for modification of learning strategy," "self-efficacy," and "cooperative learning" through the class with the S-PBL module. © 2022,Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities. All Rights Reserved.

In vitro Antiviral Activity of Remdesivir Against SARS-CoV-2 and its Variants

The outbreak of COVID-19 has become a public health emergency of international concern;thus, it is important to not only develop drugs for treating COVID-19 but also develop a method for evaluating the therapeutic effect based on the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. To test the antiviral activity of a drug against COVID-19, in this study, we established and compared experimental conditions, such as the treatment time and mode of action (dose) of the therapeutic substance, and a test method to evaluate its effectiveness. We optimized an assay for testing antiviral activity by plaque reduction, tissue culture infectious dose 50, and quantitative RT-PCR. These methods were applied to test the antiviral efficacy of the therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral activity testing using in vitro assays against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants was assessed by measuring plaque-reducing or cytopathic effects in Vero-E6 cells. The in vitro assay was validated by evaluating the antiviral activity of remdesivir. Remdesivir reduced SARS-CoV-2 titer without detectable cytotoxicity and successfully inhibited viral replication in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, we suggest this in vitro assay as an effective method for testing the antiviral activity for a potential repurposed drug against COVID-19 or rapid screening of therapeutic candidates. Copyright © 2022 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.

The Influence of Infection Control Fatigue and Compassion Competence on Disaster Nursing Core Competencies of Nurses at COVID-19 Designated Hospitals

Purpose: This study aimed to measure the influence of infection control fatigue and compassion competence on disaster nursing core competencies of nurses at COVID-19 designated hospitals. Methods: A descriptive survey was conducted among 128 nurses from two COVID-19 designated hospitals. Data were collected from June 1 to 14, 2022 and analyzed using the t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchical multiple regression with SPSS for Windows version 26.0. Results: Disaster nursing core competencies had a significant correlation with compassion competence (r=.50, p<.001), but not with infection control fatigue. Multiple regression analysis for disaster nursing core competencies revealed that the most powerful predictor was communication (β=.31, p<.001). Communication, insight and having children explained approximately 30% of the variance in disaster nursing core competencies. Conclusion: The compassion competence of nurses at COVID-19 designated hospitals was a major factor influencing disaster nursing competence. Communication was the most important sub-factor of compassion competence. It will be necessary to develop and implement a program to enhance nurses' compassion competence to improve nurses' disaster nursing core competencies. © 2022 Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.

Ibrutinib plus rituximab and venetoclax (IRV) followed by risk-stratified observation or short course R-hyper CVAD/MTX in young patients with previously untreated mantle cell lymphoma-phase-II WINDOW-2 clinical trial

Background - The WINDOW-1 regimen introduced first-line ibrutinib with rituximab (IR) followed by 4 cycles of R-HCVAD for younger mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients (pts) demonstrating 90% CR on IR alone and we aimed to improve the CR rate with the addition of venetoclax. We therefore investigated the efficacy and safety of IR and venetoclax (IRV) followed by risk-stratified observation or short course R-HCVAD/MTX-ARA-C as consolidation in previously untreated young patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Our aim was to use a triplet chemotherapy-free induction to reduce the toxicity, complications and minimize chemotherapy exposure in MCL pts. Methods - We enrolled 50 previously untreated pts in this single institution, single arm, phase II clinical trial - NCT03710772. Pts received IR induction (Part-1) for initial 4 cycles. Pts were restaged at cycle 4 and received IRV for up to eight cycles (Cycle 5 to Cycle 12) starting with ramp up venetoclax dosing in Cycle 5. All pts who achieved CR prior to cycle 12 continued to receive IRV for 4 cycles (maximum 12 cycles) and then moved to part 2. Pts were stratified into three disease risk groups: high, moderate and low risk categories from the baseline data for assignment to R-HCVAD/MTX-ARA-C as consolidation in part 2 (4 cycles, 2 cycles, or no chemotherapy for high, medium and low risk pts respectively). Briefly, low risk pts were those with Ki-67 ≤30%, largest tumor mass <3 cm, low MIPI score and no features of high risk disease (Ki-67 ≥50%, mutations in the TP53, NSD2 or in NOTCH genes, complex karyotype or del17p, MYC positive, or largest tumor diameter >5 cm or blastoid/pleomorphic histology or if they remain in PR after 12 cycles of part 1. Medium risk are pts which did not belong to low or high-risk category. Those who experienced progression on part 1 went to part 2 and get 4 cycles of part 2. Patient were taken off protocol but not off study, if they remained in PR after 4 cycles of chemotherapy, these patients were followed up for time to next treatment and progression free survival on subsequent therapies. After part 2 consolidation, all pts received 2 years of IRV maintenance. The primary objective was to assess CR rates after IRV induction. Adverse events were coded as per CTCAE version 4. Molecular studies are being performed. Results - Among the 50 pts, the median age was 57 years (range - 35-65). There were 20 pts in high-risk group, 20 pts in intermediate-risk group and 10 pts in low-risk group. High Ki-67 (≥30%) in 18/50 (36%) pts. Eighteen (36%) had high and intermediate risk simplified MIPI scores. Six (12%) pts had aggressive MCL (blastoid/pleomorphic). Among the 24 TP53 evaluable pts, eight pts (33%) had TP53 aberrations (mutated and/or TP53 deletion by FISH). Forty-eight pts received IRV. Best response to IRV was 96% and CR of 92%. After part 2, the best ORR remained unaltered, 96% (92% CR and 4% PR). The median number of cycles of triplet IRV to reach best response was 8 cycles (range 2-12). Fifteen pts (30%) did not receive part 2 chemotherapy, two pts (4%) received 1 cycle, 16 pts (32%) 2 cycles and 13 pts (26%) got 4 cycles of chemotherapy. With a median follow up of 24 months, the median PFS and OS were not reached (2 year 92% and 90% respectively). The median PFS and OS was not reached and not significantly different in pts with high and low Ki-67% or with/without TP53 aberrations or among pts with low, medium or high-risk categories. The median PFS and OS was inferior in blastoid/pleomorphic MCL pts compared to classic MCL pts (p=0.01 and 0.03 respectively). Thirteen pts (26%) came off study - 5 for adverse events, 3 for on study deaths, and 2 for patient choice, 2 patients lost to follow up and one for disease progression. Overall, 5 pts died (3 on trial and 2 pts died off study, one due to progressive disease and another due to COVID pneumonia). Grade 3-4 toxicities on part 1 were 10% myelosuppression and 10% each with fatigue, myalgia and rashes and 3% mucositis. One pt developed grade 3 atrial flutter on part 1. None had grade 3-4 bleeding/bruising. Conclusions - Chemotherapy-free induction with IRV induced durable and deep responses in young MCL pts in the frontline setting. WINDOW-2 approach suggests that pts with low risk MCL do not need chemotherapy but further follow up is warranted. This combined modality treatment approach significantly improves outcomes of young MCL pts across all risk groups. Detailed molecular analyses will be reported. (Figure Presented).

Best Practices for the Implementation of Home-based, Hands-on Lab Activities to Effectively Engage STEM Students During a Pandemic

The current COVID-19 pandemic has forced many colleges and universities to remain on a completely online or remote educational learning environment for the 2020 Spring and Fall semesters, however there is a growing concern in STEM fields about how students will be able to achieve one of the major ABET learning outcomes without conducting physical, hands on laboratory exercises as many STEM disciplines are switching to virtual laboratory;an ability to develop and conduct appropriate experimentation, analyze and interpret data, and use engineering/scientific judgment to draw conclusions. In addition to the limited achievement of the ABET outcomes, roughly half of the population of a historically black university communicated their anxieties during the pandemic to the University President via Change.org. The students' main anxiety is portrayed in a statement culled from the petition as follows: “Most classes are very hands-on, and we are not able to do those from home because of the limited resources available at home”. This paper highlights the best practices for the implementation of home-based hands-on activities across multiple STEM fields. The paper further elaborates on the impact of remote and virtual labs on students' attitude, interest, and performance in STEM over the home-based hands-on experimentation. Home-based hands-on laboratory activities were performed in biology, electrical engineering, industrial engineering, transportation system, and civil engineering. The results of a Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaires (MLSQ) survey that was administered to about 100 STEM students revealed better gains in key constructs associated with student success, such as motivation, critical thinking, and metacognition. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2021

The mediating effect of self-leadership on the media literacy and learning agility of nursing students based on the experiences of online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of self-leadership on the relationship between media literacy and learning agility in nursing students based on their experiences in online classes during the Coronavirus Disease-19 pandemic. Methods: A descriptive survey was conducted among 165 nursing students from four universities in Busan. Data were collected from June 2 to 13, 2021, and was analyzed using a t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 26.0. Results: Significant relationships were found between learning agility and media literacy (r=.62, p<.001), between learning agility and self-leadership (r=.58, p<.001), and between media literacy and self-leadership (r=.53, p<.001). Additionally, self-leadership had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between media literacy and learning agility (Z=4.30, p<.001);its explanatory power was 46.0%. Conclusion: These results indicate that interventions to increase the level of media literacy, along with self-leadership, are necessary to improve the level of learning agility of nursing students who will be essential human resources in a rapidly changing healthcare field. Copyright © 2021 Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.

The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on stage migration and management of patients presenting to a penile cancer supra-network

Introduction: COVID-19 has had potential impact on presentation and outcome of patients to cancer services. The objective of this study was to analyse pandemic effects on patients with penile SCC by comparison with previous years within a stable 10 million population referral base. Patients and Methods: All patients referred to the penile supranetwork MDT (snMDT), 1st January 2020 to 31st December 2020 identified (COVID-19 Group A). Prospectively collated data from previous 3 years (2017- 19) referrals analysed to create a service year mean dataset (Non-COVID-19 Group B). Variables compared: (i) overall demographics, (ii) pathological stage (TNM 8), (iii) time from presentation to first treatment. Chi-squared test to evaluate the pathological stage (TNM 8) and Mann- Whitney U Test to assess time from presentation to first treatment. Results: Group A, 123 new referrals. Group B mean referrals 129 (118 - 147). Primary stage Group A, 45.4% pT1, 30.2% pT2, 24.4% pT3/pT4 vs Group B, 48.6% pT1, 38.2% pT2, 13.2% pT3/pT4 (p=0.01). Nodal stage pN0 Group A 62% vs 70% Group B, (NS p = 0.08). Median time (days) presentation to first treatment Group A, 22 (IQ 15 - 36) vs Group B, 26 (13 - 36.5). Conclusion: No. of referrals were statistically similar in COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 years and managed within similar time frame. However, there was a statistically higher pT disease stage in the COVID-19 group but no significant difference in pN stage (although trend towards higher nodal stage). Data is not yet mature to determine an effect on cancer specific survival.

Analgesic medication administration in COVID-19 positive ARDS patients undergoing tracheostomy

Rationale: Observational studies describe high sedative and analgesic medication (SA) requirements in patients with COVID-19 ARDS. High levels of SA have been shown to increase ICU length-of-stay, incidence of delirium, and mortality;all of which increase health system utilization. The aim of this study is to evaluate SA parameters in patients with COVID-19 ARDS undergoing tracheostomy. Methods: We enrolled 55 COVID-19 positive adult patients undergoing tracheostomy between 4/16/20 and 8/26/20. Cumulative dosage and sedation parameters, Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) scores, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) were collected in the 48-hour periods pre-and post-tracheostomy via chart review. Data analysis was performed with Microsoft Excel Analysis ToolPak. Results: Baseline characteristics include a mean age of 60.2, mean BMI of 30.2 kg/m2, 28 (51%) were male, and 39 (70.9%) of the tracheostomies were placed percutaneously. Fentanyl was used in 38 (69.1%), dexmedetomidine in 28 (50.9%), midazolam in 13 (23.6%), hydromorphone in 13 (23.6%), and propofol in 12 (21.8%) patients. •Total fentanyl dose (6940.3 mcg to 5382.2 mcg p=0.02) and total propofol dose (67066 mcg/kg to 24098 mcg/kg, p=0.02) were significantly lower post-tracheostomy compared to pre-tracheostomy (Figure 1). •There was a trend toward lower dexmedetomidine (27.7 mcg/kg to 27.4 mcg/kg, p=0.91), midazolam (183.4 mg to 133.8 mg, p=0.27), and hydromorphone (216.0 mg to 206.2 mg, p=0.72) total doses in the post-tracheostomy period. •Mean ordered RASS goals were similar in both groups (-1.1 to-0.9, p=0.12). Mean RASS deviations from goal were also similar in both groups (-0.3 vs-0.2, p=0.64). •Mean GCS values (8.4 to 9.1, p=0.007) were significantly higher in the post-tracheostomy group. Conclusions: In this retrospective cohort of COVID-19 ARDS patients undergoing tracheostomy, SA requirements were decreased in the post-tracheostomy period. Both fentanyl (22.4% reduction) and propofol (64.1% reduction) total doses were significantly lower post-tracheostomy. All other recorded SA trended toward reduction in the post-tracheostomy period but without statistical significance (Figure 1). Assessment of sedation scores showed that reduction in SA use were not associated with changes in ordered RASS goals or worse adherence to RASS goals, as these were similar in both groups. These findings suggest that the same RASS goal, and an increased GCS, may be equally obtained with less sedation in the post-tracheostomy period. We recognize the limitations of a retrospective, single-enter, cohort study. Early tracheostomy should be considered in appropriate patients to reduce SA administration and reduce health care utilization, particularly with ICU beds at a premium.

The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in quarantine population

Purpose: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic sweeps across the world. Government policy to control the outbreak is to quarantine. The purpose of this study was to assess the psychological impacts of quarantine during COVID-19 outbreak. Materials and method: Self-report questionnaire was conducted from March 17, 2020, to April 20, 2020 including the outburst period in Daegu, Republic of Korea. Two-thousand and eighty subjects were participated. The online link was sent to the subjects who were now quarantined (NQ) or past-quarantined (PQ). The self-report questionnaire included patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7), primary care post-traumatic stress disorder screen for diagnostic and statistical manual-5 (PTSD-PC), state- trait anger expression inventory (STAX-I), and P4 suicidality screener scale(P4). Results: Among 2080 subjects 52.5% (95% CI, 50.3%-54.7%) for PHQ-9, 44.5% (95% CI, 42.4%-46.7%) for GAD-7, 39.4% (95% CI, 37.3%-41.6%) for PTSD-PC, 31.6% (95% CI, 29.6%-33.6%) for STAX-I, and 10.9% (95% CI, 9.6%-12.3%) for P4 exceeded cutoff value. NQ group (n = 608, 29%) show more anger than PQ (n = 1472, 71%) (aORs, 1.417 [95% CI, 1.119-1.796]). Especially subjects who were quarantined for more than 28 days in NQ (n = 238, 39%) had high risk for symptoms of PHQ-9 (aORs, 1.428 [95% CI, 1.081-1.886]), GAD-7 (aORs, 1.326 [95% CI, 1.008-1.744]), PTSD-PC (aORs, 1.427 [95% CI, 1.083-1.879]), and STAX-I (aORs, 1.354 [95% CI, 1.017-1.802] than PQ . Conclusion: Our result suggest that quarantine have negative psychological effects such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, anger. In particular NQ experiences more anger than PQ and the longer the period, the more depression, anxiety, PTSD, and anger. The result of this study will contribute to identify high risk individuals for mental health during quarantine.